Imperial Foot

The Imperial troops came into their own after Wallenstein became active in recruiting and equipping the Bohemian troops in the early 1630’s. These troops, in general, wore red, green, yellow or un-dyed woolen coats. For example, Wallenstein’s guard at Lutzen wore red with light blue lining and trim while the foot guard was trimmed with gold and silver. His brother, Berthold Wallenstein, had a foot unit which wore green coats and Max Wallenstein’s foot wore yellow coats. The later Austrian/Imperial army absorbed most of Wallenstein’s army.
The Imperial eagle was commonly found in the colors of the troops and often had the arms of the  Emperor, Ferdinand II, in the center. This basic pattern was adopted in the middle war years and initially used by the regiments employed by the Emperor. As a field sign, the Imperialists favored a red sash based on Wallenstein’s orders from May 1632 but also used green or yellow.

Unit History – Goltz IR (Imperial 1626 - 1639)
The regiment, Goltz, is based on one of the Imperialist regiments at the battle of Lutzen under the command of Pappenheim. Formed in 1626, this High German regiment saw action, as part of Pappenheim’s force, in relief of Stade and, in 1632, was part of expeditionary force in Saxony. The unit was held in reserve at Weissenfels (November 1632), a major skirmish just prior to Lutzen. At Lützen, the regiment, of roughly 700 men, has part of Pappenheim’s covering force and was commanded at the battle by Oberst Martin Maximilian Freiherr von der Goltz.
After Lützen and Pappenheim’s death, the regiment was assigned to Holk’s Corps which invaded Saxony. The regiment was ravaged by typhus and starved in Saxony which had been stripped of any supplies by the various campaigns. Holk died in September 1633 of the plague and the unit was transferred to Silesia for the 1634 campaign. In Silesia, it joined the Imperial Corps under the command of Rodolfo Colloredo.
In 1636, the unit fought at Wittstock (October 1636) on the left flank as part of Hatzfeld’s corps. At Chemnitz (April 1639), the unit was part of Marrazino’s corps which was decisively defeated by Baner. Marrazino survived the court-martial but never commanded again.
The flag is based on the historical remnants of Imperial flags found in the Swedish museum but it is difficult to attribute to the specific unit.

Unit History – Alt-Sachsen IR (Imperial 1618 - 1634)
The regiment, Alt-Sachsen, is based on one of the Imperialist regiments at the battle of Lützen under the command of Obstlt Bernhard Hemmerle. Originally raised by the Inhaber, Heinrich Julius Herzog zu Sachsen-Lauenburg in 1618. The regiment initially fought in minor actions under Bucquoy before fighting at the battle of White Mountain (November 1620).
Later was part of Wallenstein’s forces in the Dessau campaign in 1626 against the Danes. Fought at Wolgast (August 1628) against the Danish forces. In 1630, the regiment was part of Gartz’s Corps in Pomeria. In 1631, it was with the force garrisoning Frankfurt an der Oder. The garrison force was under the command of Schaunenburg and tried but failed to block the Swedish advance. 
The regiment fought at Alte Veste (September 1632) and Lützen (November 1632) under the command of Wallenstein. At Lützen, the regiment of roughly 800 men was in the center in the 2nd Echelon along with the Colloredo IR.
After Lützen and Pappenheim’s death, the regiment was assigned to the Grana Brigade which was part of Holk’s Corps which invaded Saxony. The brigade consisted of the Alt-Sachsen IR, the Alt-Breuner IR and Grana IR. The regiments were ravaged by typhus and starved in Saxony which had been stripped of any supplies by the various campaigns. Holk died in September 1633 of the plague and the unit was transferred to Silesia for the 1634 campaign. In Silesia, it joined the Imperial Corps under the command of Rodolfo Colloredo but disappeared from the records soon after.
The flag of the unit is speculative and is based on the coat-of-arms of Sachsen Lauenburg combined with the Imperial eagle on a background of the traditional Sachsen green and white field. It was quite common to see the combination of a coat-of-arms and the Imperial eagle in the period.

Unit History – Chiesa IR (Imperial 1618 - 1637)The regiment, Chiesa, later called Kehraus, is based on one of the Imperialist regiments at the battle of Alte Veste under the command of Wallenstein. The regiment was formed in 1618. At Breitenfeld (September 1631), the regiment fought in the center under the command of Otto Friedrich von Schonberg who was an experienced officer who had been with Tilly since the beginning of the war. Schonberg was killed in the battle. 
Later the regiment fought at Alte Veste (September 1632) and Lützen (November 1632) where the regiment savagely fought as Kehraus under the command of Wallenstein in the center against the Swedish Yellow IR. The regiment was commanded at the battle by Oberst Andreas Matthias Kehraus - hence the reference.
Assigned to Holk’s corps after the battle, the regiment was brigaded into Dietrichstein’s Brigade consisting of three regiments: Kehraus, Max Wallenstein and Dietrichstein. After supporting the invasion of Saxony, the regiment was ravaged by typhus and starved in Saxony which had been stripped of any supplies by the various campaigns.
It later fought at Nordlingen (September 1634) with the remaining 150 men mustering for service January 1637 in Gallas’s army after his disastrous failure during the 1636 campaign.
The flag is based on the historical remnants of common Imperial flags found in the Swedish museum. The specific flag of the unit is unknown.

Unit History – Pappenheim IR (Imperial 1631 – 1634)
This regiment was raised in 1631 for Imperial service and was part of Rudolf Sax-Lauenburg Corps located around Donauwerth during the 1631 Swedish advance into Germany. A detachment fought at Alte Veste (September 1632). 
In 1634, the regiment was part of the garrison of Prague.
In 1636, the unit fought at Wittstock (October 1636) on the left flank as part of Hatzfeld’s corps.
The flag incorporates the traditional Imperial eagle on a yellow and white field and would likely have been used by the unit.
Interestingly there is an earlier Pappenheim IR raised by the Bavarians in 1621 for the Catholic League. It saw service as a garrison force at Riva in Northern Italy during 1625 and was later at Breitenfeld (September 1631). Their commander, Filip Pappenheim, was killed during the battle with the unit being effectively destroyed in the subsequent retreat. Filip’s more famous cousin was the overall Imperial Cavalry commander, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, who was killed at Lutzen.
The flag of the second unit would have had the traditional Bavarian colours of sky blue and white. 

Additional Flags
The attached colours are a variety of flags captured from Imperial troops by the Swedes during the 1630’s campaigns found in the Swedish museum.

 

More flags using the double headed eagle which is a common feature of Imperial units.



Sources
Text: Uniforms of the Thirty Years War by Bill Boyle in Time Portal Passage Summer 2000
Battles of the Thirty Years War From White Mountain to Nordlingen, William P. Guthrie, Greenwood Press, 2002.
The Later Thirty Years War From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia, William P. Guthrie, Greenwood Press, 2003.
Osprey's Lützen 1632 (Campaign Series), Richard Brezezinski, 2001.
Swedish Museum link: http://www.digitaltmuseum.se/search?query=fana+trettio%C3%A5riga

Catholic League

Many of the Imperial troops in the early war years were from the Catholic League. One of the predominant players in the Catholic League was the Bavarians who supplied many troops. The units of the League often wore light blue or red coats. In addition, there are many references to troops of General Tilly wearing bright red stockings.
The Catholic flags often carried images of the Virgin Mary. She was the patroness of Bavaria and flags often incorporated the sky blue and white pattern found on the Bavarian coat-of-arms with her image.
Tilly, a commander of the Catholic League (Bavarian) Army was quoted as saying, "a ragged soldier and a bright musket" was all he needed. The old warrior monk, Tilly, was one of the most successful generals of the war and his ragged (poorly dressed) soldiers made short work of the better uniformed Protestants until Gustavus Adolphus changed the methods of fighting.

Unit History – Reinach IR
The regiment is based on one of the League regiments that formed part of Pappenheim’s late arrivals at Lutzen – Reinach. Formed in 1620, this Bavarian regiment saw action at Werben (August 1631) as part of Tilly’s attacking force. A detachment fought at Breitenfeld (September 1631) under the command of Lt-Col. Gotta. The regiment was at Bamberg (March 1632) as part of Cratz’s Corps and later fought at Lech (April 1632). After the death of Tilly, the unit became part of Pappenheim’s forces. During its service with Pappenheim, it was considered one of the best units in the Corps. The unit participated in Pappenheim’s expedition to Saxony (October 1632).
At Lutzen (November 1632), the unit arrived late to the battlefield and provided a covering force for the retreating Imperial force. After Lutzen, the regiment was transferred to the command of Bonninghausen and was defeated at Hessich-Oldendorf (July 1633). Later the regiment transferred to the Bavarian army with a detachment fighting at Nordlingen (September 1634). The regiment remained in Bavarian service at least until 1642.
A well-regarded unit which saw considerable action and retained it’s cadre of veterans which trained the new recruits and stiffened the regiment.


Comments
The attached colours are speculative but incorporate key elements of the flags attributed to the Catholic League. The figures are primarily Foundry ECW and TYW and Perry ECW. This is my favourite unit of the Imperial army and its tercios have often been victorious… when they closed to melee. The unit is presented as a tercio formed for Piquet’s Anchor of Faith which is an eight stand unit. Later in the TYW the tercio was replaced by the small Dutch formation which is represented by four stands.

Sources
Text: Uniforms of the Thirty Years War by Bill Boyle in Time Portal Passage Summer 2000
Battles of the Thirty Years War From White Mountain to Nordlingen, William P. Guthrie, Greenwood Press, 2002.

Spanish Wallon

Many of the Imperial troops in the early war years were originally Walloons who served in the Spanish army. The Spanish forces were often found along the ‘Spanish Road’ that connected the Spanish Netherlands to Northern Italy. To maintain this road and to hold much of the rest of Europe in check, the Spanish, with the support of the Catholic League, conquered the Lower Palantine in the 1620s.
In the early years of the war, many of the Spanish troops still wore ruffs and wambus with 'bloomers'. The wambus was usually dark brown and dark red stockings were the most used color, but stockings were often striped. Early on Spain still looked like a 16th century army. Walloons often wore red coats and served as mounted harquebus or musketeers.
The Burgundy cross was commonly found in the colors of the troops and was often carried by the Walloon troops. The use of the cross originated when the Kingdom of Spain was integrated into the Hapsburg empire. Common color combinations were blue/white and black/white.

Unit History – Gil de Haas IR
The regiment, Gil de Haas, is based on one of the Wallon regiments present at the battle of Lutzen under the command of Pappenheim. Formed in 1632 by Pappenheim from the remnants, leftovers and survivors of earlier Imperial disasters, the regiment saw extensive service between 1632 and 1634. The unit was held in reserve at Weissenfels (November 1632), a major skirmish just prior to Lutzen. This Walloon regiment also arrived late to Lutzen and formed part of the force covering the Imperial withdrawal. In 1634, the unit was part of the Imperial corps in Bohemia under the command of Rodolfo Colloredo. The unit remained in Imperial service until 1641.

Unit History – Moriame IR
The regiment, Moriame, is based on one of the Imperialist regiments under the command of Pappenheim that was late to the battle of Lutzen. Formed in 1632, this Wallon Imperial regiment was part of Pappenheim’s expeditionary force in Saxony. Under the command of Moriame-Pallant, the unit was improvised from remnants, scraps, and survivors from earlier Imperial disaster and retained its ad hoc nature. The unit was held in reserve at Weissenfels (November 1632), a major skirmish just prior to Lutzen.
The unit was disbanded after Lutzen and Pappenheim’s death.



Comments
The attached colours are speculative but incorporate key elements of the flags attributed to the Spanish/Walloon troops. The figures are primarily Foundry ECW and TYW. The unit has been painted in a variety of colors to give the unit that very veteran feel.

Sources
Text: Uniforms of the Thirty Years War by Bill Boyle in Time Portal Passage Summer 2000
Battles of the Thirty Years War From White Mountain to Nordlingen, William P. Guthrie, Greenwood Press, 2002.

Cavalry

The Imperial cavalry can be organized into four branches: cuirassier, harquebusier, dragoon and Croat.
The ideal cuirassier wore 3/4 blackened armor, however, by the early 1630’s many units favored only breast and back plate with a pot helmet as the 3/4 suits were both costly and uncomfortable. The favored tactic in the early war years was the ‘caracole’. This really meant stopping and firing pistols at the enemy before withdrawing to the rear to allow the next ranks to fire. The tactic was abandoned when the Swedes began to aggressively close after their advance.
Harquebusiers and Carabineers, an early form of dragoon not used in the ECW, usually wore a buff coat with a pot helmet and rode smaller horses. Initially formed with the intention of helping ‘shoot-in’ the cuirassier who was retained for serious action, the distinction between the two types blurred as the war progressed. Many units were raised as harquebusiers and later upgraded when better horses and equipment was made available.
Dragoons were mounted infantry and treated as such. Spanish Dragoons tended to wear yellow or buff coats with red cuffs while other Flanders dragoons wore red, blue, or green coats.
Croats were the forerunners of the Hussar and like the Hussar best suited for skirmishing, screening troops, or distracting enemy units. They tended to be Hungarian or Polish wearing fur hats and long eastern coats. Many cavalry units carried guidons which had symbols determined by the commanders.

Bonninghausen Cuirassiers
Formed in 1630, the unit saw action in the Pomeranian campaign (September 1630 to January 1631) as part of Conti’s Baltic Corps. Later, the unit participated in Pappenheim’s expedition to Saxony (October 1632) and the relief of Stade. It was engaged at Weissenfels (November 1632). Later at Lutzen, the regiment formed part of Pappenheim’s late arrivals to the battle. The unit did not perform well routing at the first sign of trouble.
After Lutzen, the unit was part of the Corp’s sent to Westphalia. Fighting at the battle of at Hessich-Oldendorf (July 1633), the unit was part of the reserve commanded by Bonninghausen.
The unit fought at Zusmarshausen (May 1648) as part of the Imperial army under Melander. The Imperials fought a rearguard action against the French, under Turenne, who had surprised Melander. Melander was killed in the ensuing action.
The cavalry inhaber, Lothar von Bonninghausen, rose rapidly through the ranks despite serious setbacks at Magdeburg, Lutzen and Hessich-Oldendorf because of his ability to recruit troops for the Imperial cause. He was still raising new regiments as late as 1647.

Lohe Cuirassiers
Formed in 1632, the unit participated in Pappenheim’s expedition to Saxony (October 1632). The regiment went into battle at Lutzen (November 1632) ‘ill-clad’ suggesting that few troopers had armor. At the beginning of the battle, the unit was held in reserve. During Pappenheim’s advance on the left, the regiment joined the flank attack but soon dissolved into rout.

Piccolomini Arkebusiers
Raised in 1629, the unit saw action in the Pomeranian campaign (September 1630 to January 1631) as part of Conti’s Baltic Corps. A detachment of the regiment fought at Werben (August 1631) while at Breitenfeld (September 1631), the unit fought in Pappenheim’s command on the left wing.
Just prior to Lutzen (November 1632) the regiment was expanded to include two companies of Wallenstein’s former bodyguard. After the battle the unit changed its character becoming classified as a cuirassier unit.
At Lutzen, the commander Piccolomini rose to prominence through his skillful handing of his regiment. His repeated charges on the left wing halted the Swedish advance but his regiment suffered heavy losses. He later commanded both Austrian and Spanish Hapsburgs and took part in battles at Nordlingen, Thionville, and 2nd Breitenfeld. He was a competent but careful strategist preferring a war of maneuver to a battle. Initially a supporter of Wallenstein, Piccolomini later became his principle critic and played a major role in the removal of Wallenstein in 1633.

Merode Dragoons
Formed in 1632, the unit was engaged at Lech (April 1632) and Weissenfels (November 1632). Later at Lutzen (November 1632), the regiment formed part of Pappenheim’s late arrivals to the battle. The commander, Count Jean de Merode-Varoux rose to prominence through his ability to raise Walloon regiments for Imperial service. Wallenstein had some doubts about the abilities of Merode which became apparent in his performance in 1633.
After Lutzen, the unit was part of the Corp’s sent to Westphalia. Fighting at the battle of at Hessich-Oldendorf (July 1633), Merode was killed along with many of the Walloons he had recruited after a senseless advance against a superior enemy. With his death, the level of Walloons influence within the Imperial forces dropped dramatically.

Lamboy Arkebusiers
Formed in 1632, the unit participated in Pappenheim’s expedition to Westphalia (March 1632) and later Saxony (October 1632). The unit routed the Hessian horse at Hildesheim (March 1631) and was part of the relieving force at Stade. The unit was engaged at Weissenfels (November 1632). Later at Lutzen (November 1632), the regiment formed part of Pappenheim’s late arrivals to the battle meeting the Swedish onslaught on the left bravely.
After Lutzen, the regiment fought as part of Holk’s Corps which invaded Saxony. The regiment was ravaged by typhus and starved in Saxony which had been stripped of any supplies by the various campaigns. Holk died in September 1633 of the plague and the unit was transferred to Silesia in 1634 and placed in Hieromynus Colloredo’s Corps.
Part of Gallas’s army in 1637 and 1638 where it was lucky not to be destroyed or disbanded as unusually many of its compatriots were. Present at 1st Rheinfelden (February 1638) but missed 2nd Rheinfelden (March 1638).

Westrumb Arkebusiers
The regiment was formed in 1632 as part of Pappenheim’s army by a former major of Jung-Tilly from the remnants of previous campaigns. The unit participated in Pappenheim’s expedition to Saxony (October 1632). At Lutzen (November 1632), the unit was part of the Corp’s occupying Windmill hill. They counterattacked the Swedish advance which was thrown back.



Isolano Croats
Formed in 1625, the unit was one of the first cavalry regiments raised by Wallenstein. The regiment was raised by General Ludwig Johann Hector Graf von Isolano. The unit took part in the Pommerian campaign under Conti from September 1630 to January 1631. A detachment fought at Neu-Brandenburg under Tilly. Later at Werben (August 1631), the regiment fought again under Tilly. Engaged at Breitenfeld (September 1631) positioned on the right wing under the command of Furstenberg. The regiment took heavy casualties losing roughly a third of its strength. The unit then fought at Alte Veste (August 1632) under the command of Wallenstein. Later at Lutzen (November 1632), the regiment fought under the command of Holk on the left wing.
After Lutzen, the unit was part of Gallas’s command joining Holk’s corps which invaded Saxony. Fought at Nordlingen (September 1634) after which it was disbanded. The Croat figures shown are from The Assault Group’s Renaissance Age and are nice figures except that they do not match well with the horses supplied.

Comments
The attached cavalry colours are speculative and are based on the coat of arms of the respective region or commander. The names stem from Imperial units at the battle of Lutzen. The most interesting unit are the Croats who later became the foundation for the Hussars of the later wars. These troops were often used as scouts while their comrades were mounted on heavier horses better suited crashing into other horse or infantry units.


Flags for Pappenheim Horse, Luneburg Horse, Tilly Horse

Sources
Flag images: http://www.ngw.nl/indexgb.htm
Text: Uniforms of the Thirty Years War by Bill Boyle in Time Portal Passage Summer 2000
Osprey’s Lützen 1632 (Campaign 68) Battles of the Thirty Years War From White Mountain to Nordlingen, William P. Guthrie, Greenwood Press, 2002.

Forlorn Hope

Imperial Forlorn Hope of dismounted Dragoons identified by their red sashes